▴ 그림 4-7. 임신 중 자궁 내 태아가 모체에서 2형 헤르페스바이러스에 감염되어 선천성 신생아 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염에 걸릴 수 있다. 그리고 임신부의 질 산도에서 2형 헤르페스바이러스에 감염되어 신생아가 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염에 걸릴 수 있다. 태아 헤르페스바이러스 감염은 TORCH(p.000 TORCH 참조)에 속한다. drleepediatrics.com 참조
출처-소아 가정의학백과와 Used with permission from “Illustrations from Pregnancy in Anatomical Illustrations appear courtesy of the copyright owner c Carnation Company, Los Angeles, CA 1962”
■ 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염병이 신생아에게 발생되면
● 헤르페스바이러스가 전신으로 퍼져 중추 신경계뿐만 아니라 전신 신생아 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염이 생길 수 있다.
● 그래서 박테리아성 패혈증을 앓는 것과 유사하게 몹시 심하게 앓을 수 있다.
● 2형 헤르페스바이러스는 중추 신경계에만 한정되어 감염되어 그에 따른 증상 징후가 나타날 수도 있고, 어떤 병을 앓는지 확실히 모를 정도로 특이한 증상 징후가 나타나지 않을 수 있다. 그래서 이병의 초기에 진단을 확실히 나릴 수 없는 경우도 있다.
● 그러나 열이 나고 보채고 예민한 증상 징후가 신생아에게 생기고 뇌척수 액 검사의 결과가 비정상적이고, 특히 신생아가 전신 경련을 하면 신생아 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염병을 의심해야 한다.
● 신생아 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염병이 신생아 중추 신경계에 있으면 0.3%~1.0%에서 열이 나고 척수액 검사가 비정상적이다(Archies of pediatrics and adolescent medicine, July 2008, p.665).
● 피부, 눈, 입 등에 국한된 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염을 앓을 수 있다.
● 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염이 피부에 생기면 습포가 그룹으로 나고 어떤 수포에는 딱지가 지고, 어떤 습포에 궤양이 생기기도 한다.
● 2형 헤르페스바이러스 감염으로 뇌염, 간염, 폐렴 등이 생길 수 있다.
● 병력, 증상 징후, 진찰 소견 등을 종합하고 짱크 검사, 형광 항체검사, 바이러스 배양검사 등으로 진단한다.
● 2형 헤르페스바이러스성 신생아 뇌염은 병원에서
1. 에이사이클로비아(Acyclovir)
2. Famciclovir(Famvir)
3. Valacyclovir(Valtrex) 혈관주사로 치료한다.
4. 때로는 비다라빈(Vidarabine) 혈관주사로 치료 한다.
● 그 중 에이사이클로비아 혈관주사 치료를 가장 많이 쓴다.
■ 출처
● AAP News. March 2009, By David W. Kimberliin, M.D. FAAP
● Red Book 27th Edition. 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases American Academy of Pediatrics
● Infectious Diseases of Children, 8th Edition Saul Krugman, Samuel L. Katz, Anne A. Gerson, Catherine Wilfert
● The Harriet Lane Handbook 8th Edition Jason W. Custer, Rachel E. Rau
표 4–1. 헤르페스바이러스(허피스바이러스)감염병과 수두 대상 포진바이러스성 감염병 치료에 쓰는 항바이러스제(drleepediatrics.com 대상 포진바이러스성 감염 참조)
Herpesvirus Infections (Herpes Simplex Virus Infections)
Herpes simplex virus infections
For further information, please visit “drleepediatrics.com” and then search.
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■ Causes of Herpesvirus Infections
The herpes simplex virus is also called herpesvirus, simple herpes virus, or (vesicular) herpes virus.
Acute viral infections caused by herpes simplex virus infection are also called herpes simplex virus infection, herpes simplex, or herpesvirus infection.
■ Types of Herpesviruses
● Herpesviruses are broadly divided into two types: Type 1 herpes simplex virus and Type 2 herpes simplex virus.
■ Types of Herpesvirus Infections
▴ Photo 4-1. Herpesvirus image. See drleepediatrics.com
Source – US CDC 49
■ Type 1 Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
● Type 1 herpes simplex virus mainly causes infections in the upper body above the navel.
● Herpes stomatitis (herpetic gingivostomatitis) or herpes simplex virus infection around the lips (fever blister/cold sore) are mainly caused by type 1 herpes simplex virus infection. ● When type 1 herpes simplex virus skin rashes or herpetic gingivostomatitis occur, it is often difficult to definitively differentiate between the type of herpes simplex virus infection causing the gingivostomatitis or skin rash by visual examination alone.
● Sometimes, type 1 or type 2 herpes simplex virus infections can occur in any part of the body, regardless of whether it’s the upper or lower body.
■ Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
● Type 2 herpes simplex virus infections primarily occur in the body below the navel.
● In particular, it can infect the external genitalia of adults, causing type 2 herpes simplex virus infection there. That is, type 2 herpes simplex virus mainly causes herpetic rashes in the external genitalia of adult men and women.
● The main cause of herpes simplex virus infection in newborns is also type 2 herpes simplex virus infection.
● Newborns born to pregnant women with type 2 herpes simplex virus vaginitis or vulvitis can develop severe type 2 herpes simplex virus encephalitis or type 2 herpes simplex virus dermatitis, which can lead to death.
● See Viral Encephalitis at drleepediatrics.com.
● When adolescents or adults with type 2 herpes simplex virus vulvitis engage in oral sex, the type 2 herpes simplex virus can infect the mouth, causing type 2 herpes simplex virus stomatitis and pharyngitis.
■ Symptoms and Signs of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
▴ Photo 4-2. Herpes Simplex Virus Dermatitis
See drleepediatrics.com
Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD, FAAP
▴ Photo 4-3. Herpes Simplex Virus Gingivostomatitis and Herpes Simplex
See drleepediatrics.com
Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD, FAAP
The symptoms and signs of herpes simplex virus infection vary depending on the location, severity, duration of illness, and age. There are significant differences in the symptoms and signs of herpes simplex virus infection in newborns compared to infants, school-aged children, and adolescents.
■ Type 1 Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
● In most cases, when children and adolescents are infected with type 1 herpes simplex virus, they may develop asymptomatic infection, and it is usually without any symptoms or signs.
● Occasionally, the initial infection with type 1 herpes simplex virus can cause herpetic infection (herpes simplex virus skin rash) on the lips or other skin areas of the body. This infection is called primary herpes simplex.
▴ Photo 4-4. Herpes Simplex Virus
Gingivostomatitis and Herpes Simplex See drleepediatrics.com
Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD, FAAP
▴ Photo 4-6. Herpes Simplex and Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (Gingivitis) See drleepediatrics.com
Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD, FAAP
▴ Photo 4-5. Herpes Simplex Gingivostomatitis (Herpes Simplex Gingivitis) and Herpes Simplex
Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD, FAAP
● Herpes simplex virus can cause skin rashes, and sometimes herpes simplex gingivostomatitis and/or herpes simplex pharyngitis.
● Approximately 7-10 days after the onset of symptoms of type 1 herpes simplex gingivostomatitis (see Herpes Simplex Gingivitis), type 1 herpes simplex virus can infect the lips and lip margins, causing herpes labialis, which can result in blisters, scabs, itching, and pain.
● Type 1 herpes simplex virus infection (herpes simplex virus rash) can occur on the skin of the area just below the nose and between the upper lip, or on the skin of the lower lip.
● The skin affected by type 1 herpes simplex virus infection may tingle, itch, and be somewhat painful, but usually there is no fever.
● Several months to several years after the primary herpes simplex virus dermatitis caused by type 1 herpes simplex virus infection has completely healed,
● when tired,
● during menstruation,
● when under a lot of stress and tension,
● after prolonged exposure to hot sunlight,
● when suffering from any infectious disease with high fever,
● or when stressed for other reasons,
Type 1 herpes simplex virus infection (herpes simplex virus skin rash) can recur on the same area of skin or on a different area of skin where it previously occurred. ● This type of herpes simplex virus infection is called recurrent herpes lesions, recurrent herpes simplex virus infection, or recurrent herpes.
● This type of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection (herpes) is also called herpes simplex, and type 1 herpes simplex virus dermatitis that occurs around the lips is also called fever blister or cold sore.
● Since recurrent type 1 herpes simplex virus infection is triggered by fatigue, menstruation, stress, prolonged exposure to hot sunlight, or high fever, these triggers should be avoided as much as possible to prevent recurrence of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection.
● The incubation period for type 1 herpes simplex virus infection (herpes simplex virus skin rash) that occurs after the neonatal period is approximately 3 to 10 days.
■ Diagnosis of Herpesvirus Infection
● This disease can be easily diagnosed by comprehensively considering the patient’s medical history, symptoms, and physical examination findings.
● Diagnosis is made by viral culture of pus or secretions from the affected area, or by microscopic Tzanck test of tissue from the affected area.
● Differential diagnosis should be made with herpangina, aphthous ulcers, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and contact dermatitis.
■ Treatment of Herpesvirus Infection
● Skin lesions caused by type 1 herpesvirus infection can be treated with topical application of acyclovir ointment, topical 10% docosanol cream, or topical 1% Denavir (penciclovir) cream. However, these medications are not typically recommended for routine treatment. ● Treatment can be done with oral Acyclovir (Zovirax), Famciclovir (Famvir), or Valacyclovir (Valtrex) as prescribed by a doctor.
● When the genital area is infected with herpes simplex virus type 2, acyclovir ointment can be applied every 3 hours, 6 times a day for 7 days, but this is not usually recommended.
● Early treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 infectious dermatitis with acyclovir or penciclovir ointment is effective.
● If dermatitis occurs due to herpes simplex virus infection, sufficient rest and nutrition should be provided, and pain can be relieved with Tylenol or codeine.
● It usually heals within 7-10 days.
● It is common for no scars to remain on the skin after herpes simplex virus type 1 dermatitis has healed.
● Antiviral drugs currently used to treat herpes simplex virus infections include:
1. Acyclovir,
2. Valacyclovir,
3. Famciclovir,
4. Penciclovir,
5. Vidarabine (Vira-A)
● However, the US CDC has only approved Acyclovir for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections in children (as of 2004).
● Valtrex (Valacyclovir hydrochloride) can be used to treat chickenpox in children aged 2-18 years and herpes simplex virus infection of the lips (cold sores) in adolescents aged 12 years and older.
■ Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection (Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Disease)
● The incubation period is approximately 4 weeks, and it can occur at any time after birth.
▴ Photo 4-8. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the mother’s vaginal canal or vulva If a mother has a herpes simplex virus infection, it is common to perform a cesarean section instead of a vaginal delivery to prevent the baby from contracting type 2 herpes simplex virus infection during childbirth. (See drleepediatrics.com)
Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD, FAAP
Infection can occur before birth through the placenta or birth canal, and rarely, type 2 herpes simplex virus can be transmitted from a maternal external genital type 2 herpes simplex virus infection through the vaginal canal to the fetus in the uterus.
▴ Figure 4-7. During pregnancy, the fetus in the uterus can be infected with type 2 herpes simplex virus from the mother, leading to congenital neonatal type 2 herpes simplex virus infection. Also, the newborn can be infected with type 2 herpes simplex virus from the mother’s vaginal birth canal. Fetal herpes simplex virus infection is included in TORCH (see p.000 TORCH). (See drleepediatrics.com)
Source – Pediatric Family Medicine Encyclopedia and Used with permission from “Illustrations from Pregnancy in Anatomical Illustrations appear courtesy of the copyright owner c Carnation Company, Los Angeles, CA 1962”
■ If type 2 herpes simplex virus infection occurs in a newborn:
● The herpes simplex virus can spread throughout the body, causing systemic neonatal type 2 herpes simplex virus infection, including the central nervous system.
● Therefore, the baby can become very ill, similar to suffering from bacterial sepsis.
● Type 2 herpes simplex virus can be limited to the central nervous system, showing symptoms and signs accordingly, or there may be no specific symptoms or signs, making it difficult to determine the illness in its early stages. There are cases where a definitive diagnosis cannot be made.
● However, if a newborn develops symptoms such as fever, irritability, and sensitivity, and the cerebrospinal fluid test results are abnormal, especially if the newborn experiences generalized seizures, neonatal type 2 herpes simplex virus infection should be suspected.
● In newborns with type 2 herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system, 0.3% to 1.0% have fever and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid test results (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, July 2008, p. 665).
● Localized type 2 herpes simplex virus infections can occur on the skin, eyes, and mouth.
● If a type 2 herpes simplex virus infection occurs on the skin, blisters appear in groups, some blisters scab over, and some develop ulcers.
● Type 2 herpes simplex virus infection can cause encephalitis, hepatitis, and pneumonia.
● Diagnosis is made by combining medical history, symptoms, and physical examination findings, and using Tzanck test, fluorescent antibody test, and viral culture tests.
● Neonatal type 2 herpes simplex virus encephalitis is treated in the hospital with:
1. Acyclovir
2. Famciclovir (Famvir)
3. Valacyclovir (Valtrex) intravenously.
4. Sometimes Vidarabine is used intravenously.
● Of these, acyclovir intravenous treatment is the most commonly used.
■ Source
● AAP News. March 2009, By David W. Kimberlin, M.D. FAAP
● Red Book 27th Edition. 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases American Academy of Pediatrics
● Infectious Diseases of Children, 8th Edition Saul Krugman, Samuel L. Katz, Anne A. Gerson, Catherine Wilfert
● The Harriet Lane Handbook 8th Edition Jason W. Custer, Rachel E. Rau
Table 4-1. Antiviral drugs used to treat herpesvirus infections and varicella-zoster virus infections (see drleepediatrics.com for varicella-zoster virus infections)
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