Lead poisoning 납중독

Lead poisoning 납중독

Overview of lead poisoning

Lead is a heavy metal.

Lead is absorbed into the body through the respiratory system, digestive system, or skin system, then accumulates in bones, muscles, blood, hair, etc., and is slowly discharged out of the body through feces and the like.

Lead is normally found in very small amounts in the blood and body fluids of newborns, infants, school-age children, adolescent children, and adults.

If your blood lead level is higher than normal, you can lead to lead poisoning.

Symptoms of lead poisoning depend on the level of lead in the blood.

A 1990 study in the United States found that 3 million infants and younger children under the age of 6 had higher blood lead levels than normal, and the intelligence and growth of infants and toddlers with higher than normal blood lead levels were found to have normal blood lead levels.

Their intelligence and growth fell further compared to their development.

Before October 1991, if the blood lead concentration was less than 25㎍/㎗, it was considered normal blood lead concentration. In October 1991, the US CDC (American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) determined that the blood lead concentration should be less than 10㎍/㎗ as the normal lead concentration.

The American Academy of Pediatrics and Adolescents recommended that lead poisoning in children and adolescents should be diagnosed as early as possible and appropriately treated as early as possible.

To prevent lead poisoning, the American Academy of Pediatrics and Adolescents recommended that all US infants and toddlers should regularly test their blood lead levels.

You must be a teacher-Child and Family Nursing Encyclopedia]-Volume 2 Prevention of diseases and safety accidents among children and adolescents-Refer to the prevention of lead poisoning.

Causes of lead poisoning

There is a very small amount of lead in the air we usually breathe and in the soil around us. Before 1970, a lot of lead-based gasoline was used, so the air at that time contained much more lead than today’s air.

Recently, almost all countries use lead-free gasoline, but even these days, the air contains very little lead.

Since 1970, lead-based paints are no longer legally available, but before 1970, many types of paint contained lead.

When lead-based paint is applied to an interior wall, lead in the paint may be absorbed into the body, and lead is absorbed into the body when burning or scraping a piece of dry paint peeled off from the interior wall or furniture where the lead-based paint was applied.

Can be and lead to lead poisoning. Infants and toddlers with symptoms of miosis

You can get lead poisoning when you scrape a piece of paint off a painted wall with an ingredient, or when you take away a material (which contains lead) that closes the window gaps to keep the cold air out.

You can get lead poisoning by using Mexican earthenware glazed with lead content.

When a bullet containing lead is stuck in the body for a long time When an accidentally swallowed lead stick is in the gastrointestinal tract for a long time When burning a lead or battery,

When using lead furniture, Prolonged drinking of tap water from lead water pipes can lead to lead poisoning.

Lead can be a little mixed in smoke from factory chimneys or automobile exhaust pipes, and long inhalation of the smoke can lead to lead poisoning.

The food you normally eat can contain very little lead. Infants and toddlers can develop lead poisoning when they suck on toys or objects that contain lead or when they breathe lead-contaminated air for a long time.

Recently, it was estimated that the lead levels in Beethoven’s remains were unusually high, and probably died of lead poisoning.

Table 10. A common source of lead

납 성분이 아주 많이 들어 있는 출처Sources with a high level of lead	납 성분이 어느 정도 많이 들어 있는 출처Sources with a certain amount of lead	납 성분이 소량 들어 있는 출처 Sources with a small amount of lea
주택의 외부나 내부에 칠한 납 든 페인트Leaded paint on the exterior or interior of the house	집안 먼지, 집안 내부에 쓴 물질, 납이 오염된 흙 Dust inside the house, the material used inside the house, soil	음식물, 집 주위 공기, 식수 food contaminated with lead, the air around the house, drinking water

Sources and references-Handbook oh Common Poisonings in Children. American Academy of Pediatrics p.206

Symptoms signs of lead poisoning

Symptoms of lead poisoning differ according to the level of lead in the blood. If the blood lead concentration is less than 10㎍/㎗ (1㎍=0.000001g, 1㎗=0.1ℓ), there is no harm to health.

Slightly higher blood lead levels than normal do not necessarily show significant signs of lead poisoning.‘

Studies have shown that when blood lead levels are less than 40-60 µg/dL, symptoms of mild lead poisoning may not appear significantly.

If you have mild lead poisoning, symptoms of lead poisoning may appear gradually, and hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder, poor learning, and poor growth may appear mildly.

In children and adolescents with mild lead poisoning, degree ⅓ may have a number of symptoms other than those described above.

When the blood lead level is 60㎍/㎗ or higher, various signs of life-threatening lead poisoning can appear.

Loss of appetite, anemia, vomiting, constipation, neurological diseases, systemic convulsions, hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder, speech and developmental degeneration, hemiplegia, blindness, and many other things when the blood lead concentration is 100∼150㎍/㎗.

Symptoms may appear and even death may occur.

Photo 1-30.

X-ray of the abdomen of a child with lead poisoning

An x-ray scan of the abdomen of children who ate lead-based paint crumbs shows that the gastrointestinal tract Small pieces of white paint (a) may appear on an abdominal x-ray examination.

Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD., FAAP

Figure 1-31.

CBC blood test for a child with lead poisoning

Basophilic spots in red blood cells on a CBC blood test in a child with a-lead poisoning

b-erythrocytes,

blood lead levels can be measured and diagnosed with certainty.

Hemoglobin concentration may be abnormally low.

Copyright ⓒ 2011 John Sangwon Lee, MD., FAAP

Diagnosis of lead poisoning If you suspect that you have lead poisoning by combining your medical history, symptoms, and medical examination findings, you can diagnose the disease by measuring the lead level in your blood and performing other tests, such as a CBC blood test.

Infants and toddlers with image disease can develop lead poisoning by peeling off pieces of lead-containing paint.

Sometimes abdominal x-rays and bone x-rays can help diagnose lead poisoning. In addition, lead poisoning can be diagnosed by measuring the concentration of lead in blood, hair, saliva, and urine.

When children and adolescents, especially infants, have regular health check-ups, take one or two drops of blood from their fingers and put the blood on a test filter paper to test for lead concentration in the blood, so lead poisoning can be diagnosed early.

Classification and treatment of lead poisoning

Depending on the concentration of lead in the blood, the treatment method differs depending on the path through which the lead entered the body.

When the blood lead concentration is 10-40㎍/㎗, a balanced diet is eaten, and the blood lead concentration is repeatedly followed up for an appropriate period of time to determine whether the blood lead concentration increases or decreases.

At this time, if the blood lead concentration continues to increase, find the cause of the increase and treat it to remove the cause.

Find out when, where, and how lead got into the body and treat it so that it no longer enters the body.

Table 11 Classification of blood lead levels in children and treatment plans

Sources and references Handbook of Common Poisonings in Children. American Academy of Pediatrics P 206

 

In general, when the blood lead concentration is 40㎍/㎗ or higher, the drug is treated until the blood lead concentration drops to or below the normal blood lead concentration.

Lead poisoning can be treated with drugs such as calcium disodium edetate, BAL, and D-Penicillamine, depending on the symptoms of lead poisoning at this time and the concentration of lead in the blood.

Severe lead poisoning can lead to systemic cramps and damage to the brain.

In this case, it is treated with Mannitol or steroids.

When the brain pressure in the cranial cavity is abnormally high, it is treated with a cranial section resection (頭蓋局部切除術).

When lead poisoning occurs acutely after ingesting a large amount of lead, gastrointestinal lavage treatment and diarrhea are also performed to expel lead in the gastrointestinal tract through feces.

The following is an example of an Internet pediatric and adolescent health consultation question and answer on “lead poisoning” Q&A.

‘I want to know about lead poisoning’.

Q.

My child is a 2-year-old boy, and he took a piece of paint.

I am worried if I have lead poisoning.

I look forward to your good answer.

A.

Hello.

Thanks for asking.

It is ideal to provide diagnostic treatment by combining the results of the child’s age and sex, past and present family medical history, symptom signs and examination findings, and appropriate clinical tests.

[Parents should also be at least a half-doctor-Child and Family Nursing Encyclopedia]-Volume 2 Prevention of pediatric and adolescent diseases and safety accidents-Refer to “Prevention of Lead Poisoning” and “Lead Poisoning”. Also, please consult with the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents after receiving medical examination and treatment. If you have more questions, please contact us again. Thank you. Lee Sang-won dream

 

출처 및 참조 문헌

• Childhood Emergencies in the Office, Hospital and Community, American Academy of Pediatrics
• Emergency Medical Service for Children, By Ross Lab. May 1989. p.10
• Emergency care, Harvey Grant and Robert Murray
• Emergency Care Transportation of Sick and Injured American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Emergency Pediatrics A Guide to Ambulatory Care, Roger M. Barkin, Peter Rosen
• Immediate care of the acutely ill and injured, Hugh E. Stephenson, Jr
• The Critically Ill Child, Diagnosis and Management, Edited by Clement A. Smith
• Emergency Medical Services for Children: The Role of the Primary Care Provider, America Academy of Pediatrics
• Quick Reference To Pediatric Emergencies, Delmer J. Pascoe, M.D., Moses Grossman, M.D. with 26 contributors
• Manual of Emergency Care 응급환자관리 정담미디어
• 소아가정간호백과–부모도 반의사가 되어야 한다, 이상원
• Neonatal Resuscitation American heart Association
• Neonatology Jeffrey J.Pomerance, C. Joan Richardson
• Pediatric Resuscitation Pediatric Clinics of North America, Stephen M. Schexnayder, M.D.
• Pediatric Critical Care, Pediatric Clinics of North America, James P. Orlowski, M.D.
• Preparation for Birth. Beverly Savage and Dianna Smith
• Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 14th ed. Beherman,
• The Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Harriet Lane Handbook, 18th edition
• Red book 29th-31st edition 2021
• Nelson Text Book of Pediatrics 19th-21st Edition
• Infectious disease of children, Saul Krugman, Samuel L Katz, Ann A. Gershon, Catherine Wilfert
• The Harriet Lane Handbook 19th Edition
• 소아과학 대한교과서
• 제1권 소아청소년 응급의료 참조문헌과 출처
• Other

Copyright ⓒ 2015 John Sangwon Lee, MD., FAAP

“부모도 반의사가 되어야 한다”-내용은 여러분들의 의사로부터 얻은 정보와 진료를 대신할 수 없습니다.

“The information contained in this publication should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your doctor. There may be variations in treatment that your doctor may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances. “Parental education is the best medicine.”